Common Computer Issues: Why Is My PC So Slow?

Are you tired of pressing the power button and having enough time to brew a fresh cup of coffee, just to come back and still be waiting for the login screen?

It’s 2026, and honestly this should be a thing of the past. If your system feels like it’s running through molasses and applications take an eternity to load, you aren’t alone. Here is a breakdown of the most common culprits behind a slow computer and how to fix them.

1. The Spinning Disk Bottleneck (HDD vs. SSD/NVMe)

⚠️ Critical Data Safety Disclosure

Before touching any hardware or attempting a drive upgrade, evaluate the health of your current system. If your computer is freezing constantly, making clicking noises, or you suspect the drive is actively failing, stop immediately. Back up your critical data to an external drive or cloud storage right away, or seek professional IT assistance. Heavy operations like cloning a failing drive can cause permanent data loss.

If your computer is a few years old and healthy but just slow, there is a good chance your system is still operating on a traditional Hard Disk Drive (HDD). HDDs are mechanical, meaning they rely on moving parts that naturally wear down, degrade, and slow down over time.

If you’re still on an HDD, the single best decision you can make is upgrading to a Solid State Drive (SSD) or an NVMe M.2 drive.

  • The Speed: SSDs and NVMe drives perform anywhere from 7x to 70x faster than traditional hard drives.
  • The Payoff: Your computer will boot up in less than a minute.

When you make the switch, you’ll have to decide between two paths:

  • Cloning: This creates an exact replica of your data and applications on the new drive. You keep everything exactly where it was, just exponentially faster. (See my step-by-step Macrium guide below!)
  • Fresh OS Install: About 50% of my customers opt for a clean, fresh install of Windows. While you do have to reinstall your applications, it completely eliminates digital clutter and gives your computer that authentic “brand-new” feel.

2. You’re Running Out of Digital Brain Space (RAM/Memory)

If you already have an SSD but your computer still stutters when you have multiple things open, your memory might be maxed out.

To check this, open up the trusty Task Manager (press Ctrl + Shift + Esc) and click on the Memory column. If your usage is consistently over 75%, it’s time for a RAM upgrade.

How much RAM do you actually need?

  • 16GB: Good for most everyday users, and standard office work.
  • 32GB+: Sweet spot, crucial for power users, heavy multitasking, and anyone who keeps a gazillion Chrome tabs open simultaneously.

3. Your Computer Thermal Throttling

Computers, like humans, don’t perform well when they overheat. Thermal throttling occurs when your processor literally slows itself down to prevent its own hardware from melting.

If your fans sound like a jet engine taking off, it’s time to check your temperatures:

  • To check idle temps: Use a free tool like HWMonitor.
  • To stress-test: Use a tool like Aida64 to see how your CPU handles a heavy workload.

If your system is running hot, the culprit is usually dust buildup in the heatsink, or dried-up thermal paste between the processor and the cooler.

The Maintenance Rule of Thumb: Dust out your PC every two months (especially if you have pets), and replace your thermal paste every 3 to 4 years to keep things running cool and fast.

Step-by-Step: How to Clone Your Drive with Macrium Reflect

If you want to upgrade to an SSD without losing your files, preferences, and programs, cloning is the easiest route. Here is how to do it safely:

  1. Install Macrium Reflect on the computer you would like to clone.
  2. Launch Macrium and select the source drive (your old, slow drive) that you want to clone.
  3. Adjust partitions for smaller drives: If you are cloning from a larger drive to a smaller SSD, uncheck the partition directly after your main data partition (C: or D:). Macrium needs to be able to resize the main partition to fit the smaller drive, and unchecking the trailing partition allows it to do this.
  4. Select “Clone this disk…” located just under the selected source drive.
  5. Select your destination disk (the new SSD), follow the prompts, and double-check that your Source and Destination disks are correct before clicking Finish.
  6. Run and Swap: Allow the clone to finish. Once completed, power down your PC, unplug the original drive, install the freshly cloned drive, and boot it up to verify functionality.
  7. Clean up: Once you are happy with the performance, you can remove Macrium Reflect from the machine.

Troubleshooting Potential Errors

If your original drive is older or showing early signs of health degradation, the clone may fail with an error such as MFT Error 6. If this happens, Macrium will halt and ask you to run a disk check (chkdsk).

Because Windows won’t allow you to fully repair a drive while actively using it, you will need to schedule a chkdsk to run during a reboot:

  1. Click the Windows Start button, type cmd, right-click on Command Prompt, and select Run as administrator.
  2. In the command prompt window, type the following command exactly and press Enter: chkdsk /x /f /r
  1. The system will notify you that the drive is currently in use and ask if you want to schedule the volume to be checked on the next reboot. Type Y and press Enter.
  2. Reboot your computer. Windows will automatically begin the disk repair process before loading the desktop. Let this process finish completely, as it can take some time depending on the drive’s condition.
  3. Once the computer boots back into Windows, reopen Macrium Reflect and attempt your clone again.

Most Common Computer Issues and The Fix

Common Computer Issue #4: Bluescreens/BSODs

The dreaded Blue Screen of Death (BSOD) comes in many different flavors. If you’re lucky, the stop code or error message on the screen will point you in the exact right direction.

In my experience handling thousands of systems, most blue screens boil down to a handful of usual suspects. Before diving into specific error codes, there is a standard baseline triage sequence that you should always perform first.

The Baseline BSOD Triage Sequence

Regardless of the specific error code, these are always the first five actions to take:

  1. Check for Optional Windows Updates Outdated drivers are a massive catalyst for system instability.
    • Windows 10: Go to Settings (Win + I) > Update & Security and look for View optional updates.
    • Windows 11: Go to Settings > Windows Update > Advanced Options > Optional Updates.
    • Select all available driver updates and install them.
  2. Update the BIOS For major manufacturers like Dell, HP, and Lenovo, critical BIOS updates are often bundled into the optional Windows updates mentioned above. If they aren’t listed, visit the manufacturer’s support website, enter your system’s serial number or model, and download the latest BIOS version manually.
  3. Monitor System Temperatures Thermal throttling can trigger sudden crashes. Use a trusted utility like HWMonitor to check your CPU temperatures under load. If it’s running abnormally hot, the fix is usually as simple as dusting out the chassis or removing the heatsink to reapply fresh thermal paste.
  4. Run a Storage Health Check A failing drive will constantly drop data and cause crashes. Use CrystalDiskInfo to check the health status of your storage drives. If a drive returns a “Caution” or “BAD” status, back up your data immediately. Continuing to use a failing drive risks total data loss. At that point, it’s best to have a local repair shop clone or transfer your data to a new SSD.
  5. Analyze the Crash Dump Logs Windows quietly logs everything happening in the background. Instead of blindly guessing, you can use a tool like WhoCrashed. It parses the complex Windows minidump files and translates them into a detailed, human-readable report that points out the exact file or driver that caused the crash.

Common BSOD Error Codes & How to Fix Them

If you have completed the baseline triage and the system is still crashing, look closely at the specific error code displayed on the blue screen.

1. WHEA_UNCORRECTABLE_ERROR

This is a hardware-level error and one of the most common BSODs I encounter. It means Windows detected a catastrophic hardware failure. If your temperatures are fine and your drivers are updated, you need to look closely at your RAM, CPU, and Motherboard.

  • Isolate the RAM: Start by searching for “Windows Memory Diagnostic” in the taskbar and running the test. However, built-in tests don’t always catch intermittent faults. Try physically re-seating the memory modules. If you run multiple sticks of RAM, test the system using only one stick at a time, swapping them out to see if the crash persists.
  • Investigate the CPU: About a third of the WHEA errors I diagnose trace back to a faulty CPU. The only definitive way to test this is by component swapping, either testing your CPU in a known-good, compatible system or installing a test CPU on your board. Note that this type of hardware isolation is typically only possible on desktop PCs, as laptop CPUs are permanently soldered to the motherboard.

2. DRIVER_IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL

This code is almost always a software or driver conflict. In my experience, faulty physical hardware is the culprit less than 20% of the time here.

  • Leverage Proprietary Update Tools: Beyond standard Windows updates, use the official utility provided by your machine’s manufacturer (such as Lenovo Vantage, Dell SupportAssist, or HP Support Assistant). These proprietary tools are excellent at identifying specific, stable chipset and power management drivers that Windows Update might overlook.

3. INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE

This error indicates that Windows has lost communication with the drive storage partition it needs to boot from. I most frequently see this surface right after cloning an old drive to a new SSD, or if a user accidentally changes their motherboard’s storage configuration.

  • Reset BIOS to Optimized Defaults: Turn on the computer and immediately tap the BIOS key, usually Delete, F2, F12, or Esc depending on the brand. Once inside the BIOS menu, locate the option to reset settings to “Defaults” or “Optimized Defaults”, save, and exit.
  • Verify the Boot Order: If a factory reset doesn’t work, head back into the BIOS and check the boot priority list. Ensure your primary storage drive is set as the first boot option. You do not want “Network Boot”, “USB Hard Drive”, or “CD/DVD” sitting at the top of the list.
  • Flashing a Corrupted BIOS: If the issue happens intermittently, look for a BIOS update. If the computer cannot boot into Windows at all to run an installer, use a working computer to download the latest BIOS file onto a USB flash drive. You can then use the built-in “BIOS Flash/Restore” utility inside the motherboard menu to update the firmware externally.

Summary

If you have exhaustively ruled out software drivers, updated your firmware, and verified that your temperatures are stable, you are likely looking at a failing motherboard, CPU, or memory kit.

Chasing hardware faults without spare testing parts on hand can quickly become difficult and expensive. If you find yourself stuck at this stage, reaching out to a trusted local repair center can save you a significant amount of diagnostic time and unnecessary component expenses.

Most Common Computer Issues and The Fix

Common Computer Issue #5: Physical Damage

Was your computer dropped, nudged, or maybe you spilled your dirty chai iced latte on the keyboard? Physical damage comes in all forms. Below I will list some of the most common damage we see regarding both laptops and desktops.

Laptops

Broken screen

A laptop screen that has been damaged by force.

Probably the most common physical issue we see with laptops is a broken screen. Usually this occurs when the laptop is dropped or pressure is applied to the top side. Luckily, the majority of laptop screens can be replaced, with parts being ordered online.

To find a specific LCD panel, try looking up the model of the laptop along with “LCD replacement” for example- HP 15M-AT000 LCD replacement. The price of the parts ranges from $60-150. The cost tends to be on the higher end when it is a touch screen.

TIP: Some manufacturers like Dell and HP have part-lookup tools that use the service tag or serial number to find the exact part number of the LCD screen and other components. HP Parts Surfer Parts For Your Dell

Now to fix the laptop, if you plan to do it yourself, look up YouTube videos specific to your model laptop. The other option is to pay a technician to do it, I would estimate labor costs to be $80-150.

Broken hinge

A broken hinge is oftentimes seen when the screws holding the hinge in place get pulled away from the back cover of the laptop. Causing this screen assembly to “split”.

Laptop with a broken hinge is depicted.

What causes this? Rarely it is from an obstruction in the hinge, like a cable. More often, it is the tension of the hinge itself that puts too much force on the screw points holding it together. This issue can be prevented by being careful and slow when opening and closing the laptop.

Replacing the LCD back cover is a similar process to replacing the LCD screen itself. Using the same methodology as the LCD screen, you can source the replacement parts by looking up the model along with the descriptor “LCD back cover”. You can also use a parts lookup tool to find the specific part number to ensure compatibility. HP Parts Surfer Parts For Your Dell

TIP: When replacing the LCD back cover, I highly recommend loosening the hinge nuts to allow for easier opening and closing of the laptop screen. This will prevent the issue from reoccurring.

As with the LCD screen replacement, YouTube videos are available for the DIYers, or you can have a computer repair shop do it for a labor of $80-150~. The process is different for every laptop so be sure to find a video/guide that accurately depicts your model laptop.

Liquid damage

It is common for spills to occur on the top side of the laptop where the keyboard is, and sometimes liquid seeps in from the side where there are USB and other ports open.

When this occurs, power off the device immediately and disconnect any batteries/adapters that can be removed.

The goal here is to let the device dry and clean up any visible liquid that is pooling on the device. If you are certain liquid has gotten INTO the laptop, it may require disassembling to clean up the liquid from inside the device. Use Q-Tips and isopropyl alcohol (70%+) to clean up sticky drinks like soda or coffee.

Do not power on the device until you are confident everything has dried. Big problems occur when you power on the device and there is liquid that shorts electrical currents on the devices components, causing permanent damage.

Desktops

Physical damage of desktops is not as common as laptops, as they are stationary devices and don’t move too much. We will go over a couple of physical issues you may run into.

Tackling these problems do require some disassembly of your computer. Only proceed when you feel comfortable working inside your PC. To gain this confidence, I recommend watching videos on how to open your computer case, or even watch some videos on how to build a PC. This will give you the insight necessary to diagnose these physical issues on your own. If you decide not to do it on your own, these insights will at least give you knowledge and resources to draw on to ask good questions of your computer technician.

Loose connections, memory seating

Maybe you moved and had to pack or ship your desktop PC and now it wont power on. It is possible that a connection got knocked loose or the memory slightly out of place.

The first thing to look at would be the memory. Usually memory modules should click twice, one on each end of the memory module. Go ahead and press on each end of your memory modules, if you hear a click, there’s a good chance it was not seated properly.

A stick of memory that is not fully seated into its slot.
This memory is not seated fully.

It does not hurt to remove the memory and re-seat the modules. Memory is usually held in by clips on either side that can be unlatched to release the sticks of RAM. On newer motherboards, there is only one latch on a single side of the memory.

While you are in the computer, look at all connections and make sure they are firmly secured and/or latched. Ensure all the power cables coming from the power supply are secured fully to the motherboard, storage devices, and graphics card if you have one.

Loose 24 pin motherboard power connector
A loose 24-pin motherboard power connector

Bent pins on Motherboard or CPU

Have you replaced or upgraded your CPU just to have your computer not boot up as expected?

Before assuming physical damage to the CPU or motherboard pins, be sure to update your bios as this could alleviate CPU compatibility problems.

Pins on the CPU or CPU socket are very fragile. The smallest amount of force in the wrong place can ruin a CPU or motherboard.

A motherboard CPU socket showing its delicate pin arrangement
LGA Socket with pins on the motherboard.

Take a look at your pins, whether they are on the CPU or motherboard. They should be uniform and nothing should really stick out. The pins are golden and reflective, so a bent pin can be easy to spot as it will look out of place.

A CPU and its golden pins.
AMD CPU pins

Depending on the severity, bent pins can sometimes be bent back into place. This requires a steady hand and some fine tweezers. I highly recommend using a magnifying glass to get a closer look at the pins. The goal is to bend the pin back to uniformity with all the other pins around it.

CPUs need to be installed with care and handled gently. They should not need to be forced into their sockets to fit.

Common Online Scams and Cyber Crime: Microsoft Pop-ups

Almost everyday I work with individuals who are victims of attempted internet scams. More often than not the attempt can be thwarted by immediate action and remediation. In some cases, the scam is successful and profits the Cyber criminal.

In this article series I will describe a few of the scams witnessed. From fake Microsoft pop-ups, faux Apple support numbers, and phishing attempts, I hope this series proves to help those who are targeted.

Microsoft Pop-Ups

One of many fake Microsoft Pop-ups

What are they?

These are pop-ups that claim to be Microsoft support, often supplying a phone number for you to call. They often include loud noises and alarms to induce panic in the user. In some situations it will also prevent you from closing the pop-up by preventing you from clicking the ‘X’.

Why?

The goal for the scammers is for you to call the phone number provided. When you call they will usually instruct you on how to grant them access to your computer to fix the issue. This usually entails a fee of around $300. After bringing some prompts on your screen and developing a very intriguing story on how hackers are infiltrating your computer, you may be inclined to pay up.

What do I do?

First, do not panic and do not give your card information to anyone. If you have given them credit card or banking information, call the respective bank and report that your account has been compromised, reporting any fraudulent charges immediately.

If you are on the phone with them, hang up and turn off the computer (if they are actively controlling it and you have given them access).

Stuck at the pop-up?

Attempt to use the hotkey to close the current window, you can do this by holding the ‘Alt’ key and pressing ‘F4’. This should close the current pop-up window and allow us to continue. If not, attempt to open task manager using ‘Ctrl’+’Shift’+’Esc’ and close the applications/processes associated with your web browser (Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge, Firefox, Chrome). If all else fails, shutdown/restart the computer.

Next, we need to clean up some things in our web browser. The pop-up is probably still residing in our history, or recently opened tabs. We want to minimize the risk of receiving that pop-up again.

Follow one of the following guides; Reset Internet Explorer, Microsoft Edge, Firefox, or Google Chrome

NOTE: Resetting your browser will remove extensions and add-ons but will not remove bookmarks or passwords.

Now we want to remediate any damage done, or remove any malicious files on our system. My recommendation is to use some free software supplied by Malwarebytes. Run a scan with the following and feel free to remove them afterwards if you choose.

Download, install, and scan with both Malwarebytes Anti-Malware and AdwCleaner from this page; malwarebytes.com

NOTE: Malwarebytes Anti-Malware will start with a free 14-day trial of their premium subscription, but may be changed to their completely free version.

Summary

Luckily in most cases, these scammers are not very skilled, they follow a script in hopes of easy money. Any damage done can usually be reversed. Take some time to practice safe internet use with this article from getsafeonline.org

As always, stay safe and be on the lookout for future articles from IT Wes. Thank you!

Coming soon..

Common Online Scams and Cyber Crime: Fake Support Phone Numbers

Common Online Scams and Cyber Crime: Phishing Attempts via Phone Calls & Emails

Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, and Security

Cryptocurrency provides a means of trading assets on the Blockchain. Blockchain is a distributed, irrefutable, digital, public ledger. It attracts many people due to the fact of being peer 2 peer, allowing an individual to trade assets directly with another person across the globe.

Why is this valuable? Everyday we hear of a new hack on a centralized entity, or we hear of malicious actors within these systems. Think of; Equifax, Wells Fargo, Target, TJX Companies.

Equifax compromised 143 million Americans. Wells Fargo had a malicious practice where they created as many as 3.5 million bogus financial accounts. The Target hack compromised 40 million consumer credit/debit cards while TJX Companies, 94 million cards.

Security and the economy are changing rapidly, people are unsure whether they can continue to trust these banks and large corporations.

Security and Encryption

When you create a cryptocurrency wallet, you are given a corresponding private and public key. This is asymmetric encryption and is the foundation in securing your assets. We will use the cryptocurrency Ethereum as an example.

If someone wants to send you some Ethereum, they will send it to your public key. After receiving the funds, you can now interact with your new found wealth by unlocking your wallet using your private key.

Every transaction is a hash, whether you are sending tokens to an individual, or interacting with a smart contract on the blockchain. Your private key signs a transaction request and creates a hash to publish to the blockchain.

Hardware Wallets

If you lose your private key, your funds are gone forever. Using 256 bit encryption, the odds of generating a wallet with funds, is virtually impossible. If someone knows your private key, or steals your private key, they can now steal all your funds.

A hardware wallet contains a secure element chip. An RNG, random number generator gives you a public/private key. It keeps the private keys stored on the device and does not allow it to be seen from outside of that device. Using a hardware wallet, it signs transactions on the device before sending the encrypted hash through your computer, then to the blockchain using your internet connection. This increases security substantially, as you could theoretically plug in your hardware wallet into a malware laden computer and securely make a transaction. Some people feel generating a wallet on any computer is a security risk, as your private key is exposed and prone to compromises of said computer.

Nodes, Storage, Mining, and Redundancy

Nodes are devices that store part or all of the blockchain. Anyone can host a node, this allows direct access to the blockchain without using other peoples nodes to process your transactions. Mining Ethereum or Bitcoin is proof-of-work, computers are set up to calculate hashes extremely fast, they submit their solutions, and get paid in return. Their payment comes from fees paid by other users, and new blocks that generate new tokens. Anyone can start mining, it is decentralized and can be set up relatively easily.

There are nodes and miners all over the globe, this provides redundancy. The network will still continue if people decide to take down their node or mining operations.

The blockchain is massive. If you wanted to host a full archived Ethereum node, you could expect to use over 700GB of storage. There are other options that only require anywhere from 100MB to 240GB. This is an issue, as the size gets larger it will dissuade users from hosting nodes, this leads to less decentralization and more centralization.

Attacks and Hacks

51% Attack

Signed transactions are put in to a pool of unconfirmed transactions. They await their mining savior to provide the computational power to find a solution hash and publish to the blockchain. It is possible for these miners to provide false, malicious solutions. This forks the network and now you have two different blockchains. If the malicious blockchain gains traction, it can potentially be the new ‘correct’ blockchain. All transactions that were processed on the old blockchain are reversed to a previous state, people will lose tokens and some will be able to double spend tokens they had sent previously.

Luckily, this is extremely hard to do. This requires 51% of the computation power of all miners. The amount of power required to do this attack is enormous. There is also a deterrent, if you have this much power, why not just mine like everyone else? You would receive rewards for your work. This is still a very serious issue and many smaller blockchains have been victims of 51% attacks.

Code is Law

Smart contracts are pieces of code, dApps (decentralized applications) published on the Ethereum blockchain. These can be interacted with by anyone in the world who has an internet connection. Anything published to the blockchain cannot be changed.

Parity has a multi sig wallet contract that was killed by an individual calling a ‘kill’ function on the contract. This was a fundamental flaw in the code that allowed one individual to freeze $300 million worth of Ethereum.

Similar to other applications, if your code is flawed, it has a vulnerability. Unlike other applications, on the blockchain, you can’t edit or update your code. This has put focus on developers to publish thoroughly tested, and proven code.

Conclusion

Cryptocurrency and blockchain has captured the minds of a generation. Developers all over the world are red eyeing projects that apply blockchain in numerous ways. Individuals imagine a world where we no longer need to depend on the corporations to handle our currencies and assets. We’ve seen what centralization provides and diminishes. Decentralized, it’s your choice.

REFERENCES

https://www.investopedia.com/news/5-biggest-credit-card-data-hacks-history/

https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/09/14/equifax-identity-theft-hackers-apache-struts/665100001/

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-05-04/wells-fargo-reaches-480-million-settlement-in-class-action-suit

https://support.ledgerwallet.com/hc/en-us/articles/115005198485-About-hardware-wallets

https://ethereum.stackexchange.com/questions/143/what-are-the-ethereum-disk-space-needs

https://medium.com/coinmonks/what-is-a-51-attack-or-double-spend-attack-aa108db63474

https://medium.com/chain-cloud-company-blog/parity-multisig-hack-again-b46771eaa838

Windows Password Removal

Live boot to your Linux OS of choice (Kali and ParrotSH recommended as they have the tools pre loaded)

Secure boot may need to be disabled to live boot.

Open file/folder explorer and navigate to the Windows drive of host machine and navigate to C:/Windows/System32/Config

Right click and ‘Open In Terminal’

Enter command ‘ chntpw -i SAM ’

Follow prompts; Select ‘1’ to list and view users you can edit.

View the list and find the ID corresponding to the user you would like to make an Administrator or remove the password outright. (ID will look like “ 0f5 ”)

When finished making the changes needed, press ‘q’ to quit. You will probably need to press ‘q’ twice before you are asked to save changes to the SAM hive.

Press ‘y’ to save changes made

Restart computer into Windows to verify changes successful

Note: If you get a read-only file system error when executing the original command, do the following-

Boot to the Windows login screen, select to Restart and live boot into Linux on that reboot. This will prevent the file system from being Read-Only.

Cloning With Macrium


Install Macrium Reflect on the computer you would like to clone.

Load Macrium and select the source drive you’d like to clone.

Uncheck the partition after the main partition C:/ D:/ (this is required when cloning from a larger drive to a smaller one, as Macrium will want to resize the last partition, it needs to be able to resize the main partition)

Select ‘Clone this disk…’

Follow prompts ( VERIFY YOUR DESTINATION AND SOURCE DISK ) and click finish.

Allow clone to finish, when finished power down and unplug original drive, install the freshly cloned drive and verify functionality.
Remove Macrium from the machine.

Potential Errors

When the original drive is showing signs of failure, you may receive an error when cloning.

MFT Error 6 etc.

The clone will fail, and Macrium will ask that you run chkdsk C -r

This may not work, it is best to run a chkdsk on reboot

Click start button and type ‘cmd’, right-click the ‘command prompt’ option and select ‘run as administrator’

In the command prompt type ‘ chkdsk /x /f /r ‘ and press Enter.
It will ask whether you want to run chkdsk on reboot, type ‘ Y ’ and press Enter.

Reboot and allow the computer to run a chkdsk.

After the chkdsk is completed, attempt your clone again.